{"id":786,"date":"2025-08-05T10:58:41","date_gmt":"2025-08-05T08:58:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.slash-mnt.com\/?p=786"},"modified":"2025-08-05T10:58:45","modified_gmt":"2025-08-05T08:58:45","slug":"au-dela-de-docker-pourquoi-il-est-temps-de-parler-de-containers-vraiment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.slash-mnt.com\/fr\/2025\/au-dela-de-docker-pourquoi-il-est-temps-de-parler-de-containers-vraiment\/","title":{"rendered":"Au-del\u00e0 de Docker : pourquoi il est temps de parler de containers\u2026 vraiment"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Sommaire<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slash-mnt.com\/fr\/2025\/au-dela-de-docker-pourquoi-il-est-temps-de-parler-de-containers-vraiment\/#Docker_nest_pas_un_synonyme_de_conteneur\" >Docker n\u2019est pas un synonyme de conteneur<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slash-mnt.com\/fr\/2025\/au-dela-de-docker-pourquoi-il-est-temps-de-parler-de-containers-vraiment\/#De_Docker_a_OCI_%E2%80%93_la_normalisation_du_monde_des_containers\" >De Docker \u00e0 OCI \u2013 la normalisation du monde des containers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slash-mnt.com\/fr\/2025\/au-dela-de-docker-pourquoi-il-est-temps-de-parler-de-containers-vraiment\/#Pourquoi_continuer_a_dire_%E2%80%9CDocker%E2%80%9D_pose_probleme\" >Pourquoi continuer \u00e0 dire \u201cDocker\u201d pose probl\u00e8me<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slash-mnt.com\/fr\/2025\/au-dela-de-docker-pourquoi-il-est-temps-de-parler-de-containers-vraiment\/#Nos_bonnes_pratiques_de_langage_et_doutillage\" >Nos bonnes pratiques de langage et d\u2019outillage<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slash-mnt.com\/fr\/2025\/au-dela-de-docker-pourquoi-il-est-temps-de-parler-de-containers-vraiment\/#Un_changement_de_culture_pas_juste_doutil\" >Un changement de culture, pas juste d\u2019outil<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.slash-mnt.com\/fr\/2025\/au-dela-de-docker-pourquoi-il-est-temps-de-parler-de-containers-vraiment\/#Ressources_utiles\" >Ressources utiles<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Docker_nest_pas_un_synonyme_de_conteneur\"><\/span>Docker n\u2019est pas un synonyme de conteneur<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Certes, Docker a popularis\u00e9 les containers Linux d\u00e8s 2013, rendant leur usage accessible avec un outil simple. Mais le conteneur existait bien avant (LXC, chroot, Solaris Zones\u2026) !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aujourd\u2019hui, l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me est normalis\u00e9 gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019<strong>Open Container Initiative (OCI)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Probl\u00e8me :<\/strong> le langage courant et m\u00eame la documentation technique continuent de confondre <em>Docker<\/em> (l\u2019outil) et <em>container<\/em> (le concept).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Continuer \u00e0 parler de \u201cDocker\u201d pour tout ce qui touche aux containers, c\u2019est comme appeler toutes les imprimantes ou photocopieurs des \u201cXerox\u201d, &#8220;Brother&#8221; ou &#8220;Lexmark&#8221; \u2014 pratique, mais faux, et parfois bloquant. C&#8217;est \u00e9galement l&#8217;histoire de la marque Frigidaire (abr\u00e9g\u00e9 &#8220;frigo&#8221;) pour les r\u00e9frig\u00e9rateurs. Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;un antonomase !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"De_Docker_a_OCI_%E2%80%93_la_normalisation_du_monde_des_containers\"><\/span>De Docker \u00e0 OCI \u2013 la normalisation du monde des containers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour la faire courte, en 2013 Docker Inc. r\u00e9volutionne l&#8217;utilisation des containers :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px\"><code>docker build<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>docker run<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00e8s 2015, OCI est cr\u00e9\u00e9. C&#8217;est d&#8217;ailleurs lanc\u00e9 par Docker et d\u2019autres acteurs (Red Hat, CoreOS, Google, etc.) pour d\u00e9finir des standards ouverts.<br>Les standards ouverts sont un peu l\u2019ossature invisible qui permet \u00e0 l\u2019open source de r\u00e9ellement tenir ses promesses.<br>Sans eux, on aurait plein de projets formidables\u2026 mais incapables de travailler ensemble, un peu comme si tout le monde parlait un dialecte maison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans notre cas, en plus de la cr\u00e9ation d&#8217;un langage commun, cela nous \u00e9vite le vendor lock-in : nous ne sommes pas coinc\u00e9 avec un seul outil ou fournisseur : Docker. En plus, les standards assurent que l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me reste viable m\u00eame si un acteur cl\u00e9 change de cap (exemples avec <a href=\"https:\/\/www.slash-mnt.com\/fr\/2025\/bitnami-premium-une-annonce-qui-minquiete\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.slash-mnt.com\/en\/2025\/bitnami-premium-une-annonce-qui-minquiete\/\">Bitnami<\/a>, et m\u00eame <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.docker.com\/docker-hub\/usage\/\">Docker Inc.<\/a> r\u00e9cemment). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le consortium autour d&#8217;OCI permet de publier deux sp\u00e9cifications majeures :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>OCI Runtime Specification<\/strong> \u2192 d\u00e9finit comment un container doit \u00eatre ex\u00e9cut\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>OCI Image Specification<\/strong> \u2192 d\u00e9finit le format standard des images.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gr\u00e2ce aux standards OCI, la technologie ne meurt pas si Docker dispara\u00eet !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tout cela a permit \u00e0 d\u2019autres runtimes (<code>containerd<\/code>, <code>CRI-O<\/code>, <code>runc<\/code>, <code>kata-runtime<\/code>, <code>podman<\/code>) de voir le jour et de parvenir \u00e0 fonctionner avec les m\u00eames images container.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kubernetes ne d\u00e9pend plus de Docker depuis 1.24. A la place, il utilise l\u2019interface CRI pour parler \u00e0 un runtime OCI (n&#8217;importe lequel r\u00e9pondant aux standards OCI Runtime Specification).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pourquoi_continuer_a_dire_%E2%80%9CDocker%E2%80%9D_pose_probleme\"><\/span>Pourquoi continuer \u00e0 dire \u201cDocker\u201d pose probl\u00e8me<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De notre point de vue, cela cr\u00e9\u00e9 une ambiguit\u00e9 technique. \u201cDocker\u201d d\u00e9signe un produit commercial, pas un standard. Cela sugg\u00e8re parfois que Docker est utilis\u00e9 dans certains syst\u00e8mes alors que ce n&#8217;est pas forc\u00e9ment le cas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Des hypoth\u00e8ses sont \u00e9mises&#8230; au risque qu&#8217;elles engendrent de mauvais choix par la suite. Les avantages et limites ne sont pas syst\u00e9matiquement les m\u00eames entre CRI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans tous les cas, une image OCI peut \u00eatre construite et ex\u00e9cut\u00e9e sans Docker !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On peut parler \u00e9galement de verrouillage mental : les \u00e9quipes pensent qu\u2019elles \u201cont besoin de Docker\u201d pour faire du container. Dans le monde CI\/CD, cela freine l\u2019adoption d\u2019outils plus l\u00e9gers ou sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s (buildah, buildkit, <s>kaniko<\/s>, etc.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Et nous ne parlons m\u00eame pas du manque d&#8217;int\u00e9rop\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 des livrables. Les scripts ou documentations qui utilisent uniquement docker CLI deviennent incompatibles dans des environnements sans Docker Engine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aujourd&#8217;hui, les plus grands acteurs du monde Cloud se sont s\u00e9par\u00e9s de Docker pour adopter un nouveau lexique :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Red Hat, SUSE, Google Cloud, etc. utilisent <code>Containerfile<\/code> dans leur documentation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kubernetes recommande l\u2019usage de <code>crictl<\/code> ou d\u2019outils conformes OCI (<a href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/tasks\/debug\/debug-cluster\/crictl\/\">https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/tasks\/debug\/debug-cluster\/crictl\/<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nos_bonnes_pratiques_de_langage_et_doutillage\"><\/span>Nos bonnes pratiques de langage et d\u2019outillage<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Mauvaise habitude<\/th><th>Meilleure alternative<\/th><th>Pourquoi<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Parler de \u201cDocker image\u201d<\/td><td>Dire \u201cimage OCI\u201d ou \u201cimage de container\u201d<\/td><td>Plus neutre et exact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fichier <code>Dockerfile<\/code><\/td><td><code>Containerfile<\/code><\/td><td>Align\u00e9 sur la terminologie OCI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>docker build<\/code><\/td><td><code>podman build<\/code> \/ <code>buildah bud<\/code><\/td><td>Moins de d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 Docker<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>docker run<\/code><\/td><td><code>crictl run<\/code> \/ orchestration via K8s<\/td><td>Compatible OCI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>docker exec<\/code><\/td><td><code>crictl exec<\/code><\/td><td>Interface standard avec Kubernetes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e9f\u00e9rencer \u201cDocker\u201d dans la doc interne<\/td><td>Utiliser \u201ccontainer\u201d ou \u201cruntime OCI\u201d<\/td><td>R\u00e9duit la confusion<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Un_changement_de_culture_pas_juste_doutil\"><\/span><strong>Un changement de culture, pas juste d\u2019outil<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Docker restera une brique importante de l\u2019histoire des containers, mais parler correctement d\u2019images OCI et de runtimes CRI, c\u2019est s\u2019aligner sur la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 technique actuelle et se pr\u00e9parer pour l\u2019avenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les avantages sont clairs :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>moins de d\u00e9pendances<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>plus de compatibilit\u00e9<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>meilleure clart\u00e9 pour les \u00e9quipes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans l\u2019open source, un standard ouvert c\u2019est comme une prise \u00e9lectrique universelle : chacun peut fabriquer ses appareils, mais tout se branche et tout fonctionne.<br>Sans \u00e7a, on retomberait dans un patchwork d\u2019incompatibilit\u00e9s, et l\u2019agilit\u00e9 que promet le cloud native serait largement r\u00e9duite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Le container est une technologie ouverte, et notre vocabulaire doit l\u2019\u00eatre aussi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ressources_utiles\"><\/span>Ressources utiles<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sp\u00e9cifications OCI : <a>https:\/\/opencontainers.org<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Podman : <a>https:\/\/podman.io<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Buildah : <a>https:\/\/buildah.io<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nerdctl : <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/containerd\/nerdctl\">https:\/\/github.com\/containerd\/nerdctl<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CRI-O : <a>https:\/\/cri-o.io<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Docker n\u2019est pas un synonyme de conteneur Certes, Docker a popularis\u00e9 les containers Linux d\u00e8s 2013, rendant leur usage accessible avec un outil simple. Mais le conteneur existait bien avant (LXC, chroot, Solaris Zones\u2026) ! Aujourd\u2019hui, l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me est normalis\u00e9 gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019Open Container Initiative (OCI). Probl\u00e8me : le langage courant et m\u00eame la documentation technique&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.slash-mnt.com\/fr\/2025\/au-dela-de-docker-pourquoi-il-est-temps-de-parler-de-containers-vraiment\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Lire la suite &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Au-del\u00e0 de Docker : pourquoi il est temps de parler de containers\u2026 vraiment<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":787,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,34,24,14,33,28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-786","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-architecture","category-containers","category-infra-as-code","category-kubernetes","category-oci","category-opensource"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - 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